The "Modern Popular Music" chart below, The following sentences describe the life of the author Isabel Allende. Scat singing, along with his gravelly voice, became Armstrongs trademark sound, as heard in Lazy River (1931). These smaller groups would play during intermissions of the larger band. Ornette Coleman in the 1960s. early style of "Hot Jazz" made its way north to Chicago and east to [21] Bandleaders are typically performers who assemble musicians to form an ensemble of various sizes, select or create material for them, shape the musics dynamics, phrasing, and expression in rehearsals, and lead the group in performance often while playing alongside them. Apart from the star soloists, many musicians received low wages and would abandon the tour if bookings disappeared. The Classic Swing Band from Dallas uses this very instrument in every show!! He was a pianist, accompanist, and music director for blues singers, dancers, and comedians. Benny GOODMAN (1909-1986): Sing, Sing, Sing! The bands led by Helen Lewis, Ben Bernie, and Roger Wolfe Kahn's band were filmed by Lee de Forest in his Phonofilm sound-on-film process in 1925, in three short films which are in the Library of Congress film collection. Cubans Mario Bauz and Machito (Francisco Ral Gutirrez Grillo), founder of the Afro-Cubans; Puerto Rican Ernesto Antonio Tito Puente with Oye como va; and Afro-Cuban drummer Chano Pozo (Luciano Pozo Gonzlez), famous for playing with and influencing Dizzy Gillespies Manteca, were among the most prominent band leaders and musicians. Boyd Raeburn drew from symphony orchestras by adding flute, French horn, strings, and timpani to his band. The swing era represented the pinnacle of jazzs popularity. West Side Story. Along with clarinetist Goodman, this band included three trumpets, two trombones, four saxophones, and a four-man rhythm section with guitar and string bass instead of the heavier-sounding banjo and tuba of earlier bands. The Cotton Club, Harlem, New York City, early 1930s. His famous recording Body and Soul, recorded in 1939, is known for its continuous smooth sound. Jazz is America's Singers Billie Holiday and Ella Fitzgerald came to the popular forefront during the swing era. As the soloistic improvisations intensified, bebop players such as saxophonist Charlie "Bird" PARKER often It was mostly performed by Big Bands, which were large orchestras divided into trumpets, saxophones, trombones, and a rhythm section (which consisted of the drums, bass, guitar and piano). [32] They experiment, often with one player coming up with a simple musical figure leading to development within the same section and then further expansion by other sections, with the entire band then memorizing the way they are going to perform the piece, without writing it on sheet music. ELLINGTON and William "Count" They were knowledgeable and often biased toward their favorite bands and songs, and sometimes worshipful of famous soloists and vocalists. A drummer, bass player (string bass), piano player, and guitarist formed the rhythm section. a) Henderson's big band comprises five brass instruments (three trumpets and two trombones), four reed instruments (saxophones and clarinets), and a rhythm section consisting of piano, bass, Many college and university music departments offer jazz programs and feature big band courses in improvisation, composition, arranging, and studio recording, featuring performances by 18 to 20 piece big bands.[46]. [1], One of the first bands to accompany the new rhythms was led by a drummer, Art Hickman, in San Francisco in 1916. Cool Jazz Swing was massively popular during the 1930s, so popular, in fact, that it was the pop music of its time. photo by Patricia Schneider. Swing was the predominant style of jazz music played from the late 1920s to mid-1940s. '20s," "HOT" JAZZ [48][49][50] Big band remotes on the major radio networks spread the music from ballrooms and clubs across the country during the 1930s and 1940s, with remote broadcasts from jazz clubs continuing into the 1950s on NBC's Monitor. Phil Spitalny, a native of Ukraine, led a 22-piece female orchestra known as Phil Spitalny and His Hour of Charm Orchestra, named for his radio show, The Hour of Charm, during the 1930s and 1940s. In the early 1950s a smoother, more jw7(W3;TEd5SOBmlyb./hh IOQ,+B}I\fT-q\ dJ(0!GF>B)- |0~J;:AC*: Y3[.(&=>:UU5aH@ZLLEc))3c.mcX=ia&1cy]aE~9CB7L_ has complex syncopated polyrhythms, (3) expressive "blue" (bent Here are the five most common swing band instruments, and how they commonly fit into swing music. (Click Fletcher Henderson and Don Redman are credited with having created the formula for swing arrangements. The jazz musician relies on three basic elements of the song to develop Please change your browser preferences to enable javascript, and reload this page. Since keyboards are essentially advanced incarnations of pianos, they can be used to quietly accompany the rhythm section of a swing band or to play a quiet harmony. Duke Ellington (18991974) proved that orchestrating jazz was an art of the highest level. He was also a band leader and arranger who traveled throughout Europe and Japan during the 1950s and 1960s. New York in the late 1920s. Improvisation: This can be best described as "composing and Later, a fifth bass trombone was often added. The Henderson band is considerably larger than most syncopated dance bands of the 1920s (eight or nine musicians). It began as an intensified rhythmic outgrowth of the black Rhythm & Ellington expanded Armstrong's small Many of the better known bands reflected the individuality of the bandleader, the lead arranger, and the personnel. The style features prominent horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a consistent rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie-type bass lines. Playing multiple riffs playing at once as a kind of call and response. Kansas City was busy with musical activity from the early 1920s to about 1938. "Fusion" in its strictest interacts with the bass and drums, and how the beat is divided up in complex From three to five plyers on each instrument might be used. Goodmans clarinet playing was a combination of great wit, precise musicianship, beautiful subtleties, and never-ending swing. This exact format is employed today by the many high school and college jazz ensembles around the country as well as overseas. woodwinds (saxophones, clarinets), brass (trumpets, trombones) and a back-up A. in Blue (1925). American society, while standing as a brilliant reflection of American freedom Fish, Scott K. Duke Ellington vs Chick Webb: We Tore Them Up, Man. March 1, 2016. https://scottkfish.com/2016/03/01/5221/. performing at the same time." The Cotton Club started in Harlem before it moved downtown. He toured in many parts of the world and was also commissioned to record classical compositions. ARMSTRONG took "Hot" Jazz to Chicago, where its popularity grew This form maintains the same chord Louis ARMSTRONG (1900-1971): Hotter Than That (1927). Figure 2: Trumpeter Wynton Marsalis American sound has fascinated listeners, performers and composers around the Bob Hope, Shep Fields and The Rippling Rhythm Revue", Photograph of Bob Hope as master of ceremonies on the "Rippling Rhythm Revue" Show in 1937 on Gettyimages, State University of New York, Fredonia. He joined Ben Pollacks band and made his first recording. California. Big bands of today are not all from an earlier era. Beside her vocal timbre, her unique style delayed the placement of words and phrases compared with the musical pulse, producing a behind-the-beat effect that became her trademark. 1570 0 obj <>stream From During the 1930s, Earl Hines and his band broadcast from the Grand Terrace in Chicago every night across America. Congress repealed the Volstead Act, a law that prohibited the manufacture, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages, in 1933. The 194244 musicians' strike worsened the situation. So the Swing Era was during the Depression and it acted as a kind of counter-statement or rebellion against the unemployment and misery that the Depression caused. The swing era was the one time that jazz was a truly popular style. (London: Paladin) 1987. here to see a YouTube clip on jazz improvisation, click here to see animated and His Mother Called Him Bill, featured "Blood Count" and "Lotus Blossom," was a tribute album to . NY: Penguin Books:1977. Radio increased the fame of Benny Goodman, the "Pied Piper of Swing". in its strictest Led by an African American woman, this 16-member band gained notoriety across the United States and in Europe, despite the challenge of imposed racial and gender restrictions. As swing developed, the second player became responsible for most of the jazz solos. Maria Schneider assisted Gil Evans, wrote for Woody Herman and Mel Lewis, and has conducted jazz orchestras around the world. And after years of economic depression, many Americans wanted to have fun. Carnegie Hall in New York City presented Benny Goodman jazz concerts for the first time in 1938. singing" (in which he sings like an instrument on scat clarinetist, In the late 1940s, progressive Count Basie's saxophone section included. His sax playing is distinguished by a full tone, flowing lines, and heavy vibrato. Some large contemporary European jazz ensembles play mostly avant-garde jazz using the instrumentation of the big bands. 0 Swing music began appearing in the early 1930s and was distinguished by a more supple feel than the more literal 44 of early jazz. Bluesy feel (often using a 12 Bar Blues structure), Songs that were based and structured around riffs. hundreds of different melodies. Since the 1920s, Jazz the following instruments: In 1925, bandleader Paul Whiteman alto saxophone. Fitzgerald was unique in her ability to render exact imitations of nearly any instrument in the band. The Timeline of African American Music by Portia K. Maultsby, Ph.D. presents the remarkable diversity of African American music, revealing the unique characteristics of each genre and style, from the earliest folk traditions to present-day popular music. art form--a unique blending of West African and Western European/American clarinetist Benny GOODMAN and emerged as piano was added to the rhythm section, and a stronger driving rhythm a vocalist with piano or a small backup group. - The ANDREWS SISTERS: The Boogie-Woogie Bugle Boy "big band" backup, the most famous example, The Boogie-Woogie Bugle Boy from They refuse to look for new ideas and new outlets, so they fall by the waysideIm going to try to find out the new ideas before the others do., I stole everything I ever heard, but mostly I stole from the horns.. (Click on the titles of the pieces The trumpeter blows on the mouthpiece at one end of the trumpet with closed lips, and the sound wave reverberates through the tube until it exits out the widened far end of the instrument. harmony. [28] This development may take the form of improvised solos, written solo sections, and "shout choruses". The Lindy Hop became popular again and young people took an interest in big band styles again. Kenton pushed the boundaries of big bands by combining clashing elements and by hiring arrangers whose ideas about music conflicted. The most prominent features of big band swing were the use of written arrangements and improvised solos, repetitive horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie type bass lines. instruments (Saxophone, trumpet, clarinet, trombone, flute, vibraphone, etc.). Figure 1: The Western Jazz Quartet (piano: jazz techniques into a more heavily-arranged "big-band" white swing In Choose the vocabulary word that answers each riddle. One of the most common forms used in jazz Her version of the nursery rhyme A-Tisket, A-Tasket (1938) brought her international fame. The Great Depression, which started with the stock market crash in 1929, and WWII which ended in 1945. The moral? All Jazz styles have two common features: - (Change the second verb to the future progressive form.). is America's White teenagers and young adults were the principal fans of the big bands in the late 1930s and early 1940s. endstream endobj startxref During the next decades, ballrooms filled with people doing the jitterbug and Lindy Hop. uses "call and response" Blues tradition, then became popular with white listeners during the World War grooves, click - Fletcher Henderson (18971952) is credited with creating the pattern for swing arrangements. grooves), - Big bands uplifted morale during World War II. Many bands from the swing era continued for decades after the death or departure of their founders and namesakes, and some are still active in the 21st century, often referred to as "ghost bands", a term attributed to Woody Herman, referring to orchestras that persist in the absence of their original leaders. (1899-1974): The Ella Fitzgerald contributed to the success of Webbs band in New York City. Special thanks to Dr. Portia K. Maultsby and to the Advisory Scholars for their commitment and thought-provoking contributions to this resource. A large string instrument with an extremely low pitch, the Double Bass is a staple of most swing bands. Sometimes bandstands were too small, public address systems inadequate, pianos out of tune. A unique feature of this style was the use of riffs performed as call and response between woodwinds and brass as an integral part of the arrangement heard in Bennie Motens Moten Swing (1932) and Count Basies One OClock Jump (1937). The trumpet section included four trumpets; the first was responsible for the highest notes. This approach was then further expanded upon by Bebop, which largely abandoned the original melody of the song to create brand new melodies based on an established chord progression this was known as a contrafact. Which of the following changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? of many things they must think about while they are playing. Above all else, Swing music is dance music which means it was: This also meant it was incredibly commercial. Henderson and arranger Don Redman followed the template of King Oliver, but as the 1920s progressed they moved away from the New Orleans format and transformed jazz. Fletchers [Henderson] band had the same elements; so did Benny Motens back in 1932, when Basie played with him., Every week they would feature a guest band at the Savoy Ballroom. Swing bands featured a large ensemble of - a vocalist with piano or a small backup group.
swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and