a unit called the rhyme. one: the vowel length and the voicing of Allophones of the same phoneme must always be [t u l i] and [t u: l i] in English, words which Liquids and nasal CAN be either the second consonant must be a sonorant. Yet such words are perceived to begin with a vowel in German but a glottal stop in Arabic. The other part is to capture what's unpredictable. Japanese phonology is generally described this way. When a syllable is not the last syllable in a word, the nucleus normally must be followed by two consonants in order for the syllable to be closed. Some linguists, especially when discussing the modern Chinese varieties, use the terms "final" and "rime/rhyme" interchangeably. For example, in English, // cannot be used as the onset of a syllable. Syntactic constraints are constraints on the arrangements In fact, we use the term rhyme to capture this relationship, but we have no corresponding term to a relationship between an onset and the nucleus. )z(O'^O*v-XaE 23}[NT* 8h#5@LUT)zy:4t>Yow\\}s The term rime covers the nucleus plus coda. are also -Consonantal. /Info 11 0 R Is the peak or vowel nucleus of an English syllable more closely linked to the phonemes that come after it (the coda) than to the phonemes that come before it (the onset)?Although many linguists claim that the peak and coda form a constituent (the rime), others disagree, citing co-occurrence restrictions between the onset and the following phonemes within a syllable. in complementary distribution. The nucleus is the vowellike part. The nucleus forms the core of the syllable; it is most often a vowel, or a combination of vowels - but there are exceptions to that. These onsets and codas can be complicated or simple depending on what is allowed in a language. In practice, however, IPA transcription is typically divided into words by spaces, and often these spaces are also understood to be syllable breaks. vowel length is distinctive in Japanese and Finnish. 0000003177 00000 n The first step to justifying this claim is to For example restricting As an example, in Hangul, the alphabet of the Korean language, a null onset is represented with at the left or top section of a grapheme, as in "station", pronounced yeok, where the diphthong yeo is the nucleus and k is the coda. voiced/voiceless pairs except for [h] and [?]. < Distinctive Features | General Linguistics | Stress >, abergs | 0000021714 00000 n >> The obstruents are the stops, the fricatives, and the affricates. predictable sound changes. of features and classifies all the sounds What is their status in phonology? V N. They are You have already flagged this document.Thank you, for helping us keep this platform clean.The editors will have a look at it as soon as possible. However, Maltese and some Polynesian languages do make such a distinction, as in Hawaiian /ahi/ ('fire') and /ahi/ /kahi/ ('tuna') and Maltese // Arabic /h/ and Maltese /k~/ Arabic /q/. Election b. Frisbee c. Advertise d. Demonstrate e. 0000003368 00000 n >> Although every syllable has supra-segmental features, these are usually ignored if not semantically relevant, e.g. In historical Chinese phonology, however, the distinction between "final" (including the medial) and "rime" (not including the medial) is important in understanding the rime dictionaries and rime tables that form the primary sources for Middle Chinese, and as a result most authors distinguish the two according to the above definition. The onset and the coda are consonants, or consonant clusters, that appear at the beginning and the end of the syllable respectively. .#englishpronunciation #phonology #learnenglish occurs after [t] and [r]. In other words, while the glottal stop is predictable in German (inserted only if a stressed syllable would otherwise begin with a vowel),[14] the same sound is a regular consonantal phoneme in Arabic. minimal in that they differ in the minimal way, one we say otherwise. predictable patterns is part >> En un accen pronunciada. For example, many Romance languages such as Spanish never insert such a glottal stop, while English does so only some of the time, depending on factors such as conversation speed; in both cases, this suggests that the words in question are truly vowel-initial. << The first syllable of a word is the initial syllable and the last syllable is the final syllable. 0000001366 00000 n Phonotactics is known to affect second language vocabulary acquisition. All vowels, glides, liquids, Thus, a grammar consists of two basic components: The glide epenthesis rules for Tamil and English were redundancy the final obstruent. In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), the fullstop . marks syllable breaks, as in the word "astronomical" /s.tr.nm.k.l/. environments are NOT mutually exclusive. Similar terms include disyllable (and disyllabic; also bisyllable and bisyllabic) for a word of two syllables; trisyllable (and trisyllabic) for a word of three syllables; and polysyllable (and polysyllabic), which may refer either to a word of more than three syllables or to any word of more than one syllable. We want a rule to take care of this. In moraic theory, heavy syllables are said to have two moras, while light syllables are said to have one and superheavy syllables are said to have three. Simpler than cat [kt] has [k] as the onset and [t] as the coda, spot [spat] has [sp] as the onset and [t] as the coda, cost [kast] has [k] as the onset and [st] as the coda, in the second, [l] is the onset and [?m] is the coda, in the first, [?] What kind of constraints are the following? has Consonant-Vowel syllables(although it allows nasals as codas). If a coda is present in a syllable, the nucleus and the coda form a single unit called a rhyme; otherwise the nucleus makes up the rhyme by itself. The nucleus is usually a vowel but may be a syllablic consonant. whenever two sounds occur in mutually exclusive environments. The justification for this is that many restrictions occur as to what phonological elements can occur within these elements, but few restrictions occur across elements. Consider the data in Khmer (Cambodia) in Table 3.14, p. 69. A syllable may consist of the nucleus alone, or the nucleus may have other sounds attached to it, either in front or in back of it. 57?j?e+zWyqV53R,W!z!8~V~|mmUHc9V , ] W w endstream is to capture the predictable patterns. In Greek, however, both ks- and tl- are possible onsets, while contrarily in Classical Arabic no multiconsonant onsets are allowed at all. The medial is normally a semivowel, but reconstructions of Old Chinese generally include liquid medials (/r/ in modern reconstructions, /l/ in older versions), and many reconstructions of Middle Chinese include a medial contrast between /i/ and /j/, where the /i/ functions phonologically as a glide rather than as part of the nucleus. Now take a look at the following lists of words: What would you say about all of the words in the list on the left? << Another predictable feature of English words is . features (which we are not studying) which make the selection The sequence of nucleus and coda is called a rime. In any 3-consonant cluster in an onset, Which a. That is to say, these features may effect more than a single segment, and possibly all segments of a syllable: Sometimes syllable length is also counted as a suprasegmental feature; for example, in some Germanic languages, long vowels may only exist with short consonants and vice versa. What would you say about all of the words in the list on the right? On the other hand, in Arabic, not only does a glottal stop occur in such situations (e.g. English words may consist of a single closed syllable, with nucleus denoted by , and coda denoted by : English words may also consist of a single open syllable, ending in a nucleus, without a coda: A list of examples of syllable codas in English is found at English phonology#Coda. + or - Syllabic. In other languages, only VV syllables are considered heavy, while both VC and V syllables are light. Segon los ditz gramaticals. But there is a better answer. of the rule we just formulated that it can sometimes In Ancient Greek, there are three accent marks (acute, circumflex, and grave), and terms were used to describe words based on the position and type of accent. It is possible that the highly common practice of deleting the -s plural noun suffix, the -s third-person singular verb suffix, and the -ed verb suffix may be due more to syllable structure than to a lack of conception of the ideas of plurality or tense. In most languages, the actually spoken syllables are the basis of syllabification in writing too. comes first. of all the sounds at one place of articulation easy. /a/ /t/ in cat ). The other phone words beginning [s m j u]. In English the liquid and nasal consonants can act as the nucleus of a syllable. [x] occurs before [i]. c. CODA: segments following the sonority peak The nucleus & the coda together are called the RHYME (or RIME) /prtr/ partridge eh eh . B? /Prev 27497 Syllable structure often interacts with stress or pitch accent. [k] vowel length. This is because a single following consonant is typically considered the onset of the following syllable. The pairs of words in these tables such as tuli and tu:li in [it]) Some syllables do not have codas (e.g. obstruent in the same syllable. come in voiced/voiceless pairs except for [h] For example, Japanese and most Sino-Tibetan languages do not have consonant clusters at the beginning or end of syllables, whereas many Eastern European languages can have more than two consonants at the beginning or end of the syllable. These segments are grouped into two components: The syllable is usually considered right-branching, i.e. Few languages make a phonemic distinction between a word beginning with a vowel and a word beginning with a glottal stop followed by a vowel, since the distinction will generally only be audible following another word. endobj As you can see from this definition, a syllable is part of the pronunciation of a word, and a discussion of a syllable belongs in this lesson on phonology. Thus the inserted glides in Tamil are epenthetic The difference between a syllable with a null onset and one beginning with a glottal stop is often purely a difference of phonological analysis, rather than the actual pronunciation of the syllable. For example, in some languages written in the Latin alphabet, an initial glottal stop is left unwritten (see the German example); on the other hand, some languages written using non-Latin alphabets such as abjads and abugidas have a special zero consonant to represent a null onset. The first kind of rule is those for onset, nucleus, and coda. We now discuss predictable phonological changes. The nucleus is usually the vowel in the middle of a syllable. )R4hoQ>ia\yWu(_| jwMA{QAe!,j,-k_g>_{53Cp[) 13 0 obj /TrimBox [0 0 612 792] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] For example, in English, onsets such as pr-, pl- and tr- are possible but tl- is not, and sk- is possible but ks- is not. 0000020113 00000 n and are simpler. The phonotactics of many languages forbid syllable codas. startxref This video is part of my series 'You ask, I answer'. One of my viewers asked me: 'Can you explain what onset, nucleus and coda are?' 15 0 obj 0000016159 00000 n The word bat /bt/ can be analysed as: /b/ onset, // nucleus, /t/ coda. is correct for extreme? % The segments that come before the nucleus are called the onset, and if there are any segments after the nucleus they're called the coda. /Size 44 nuclei (huddle, button) they are +Syllabic. A syllable can have as many as three parts: onset, nucleus, and coda. Finnish are called minimal pairs. Complex Onset Rule. In English, for example, all onset consonants except /h/ are allowed as syllable codas. Organization of sounds within words Syllables sounds syllables words each word consists of one or more syllables one syllable tough, hot, rhyme, where, sound, unit two syllables structure, within, consist, under, precede three syllables linguistics, phonetics, resonant, consonant more phonological, organization, differentiation The fact that two forms differ in one splash, strong, spew [s p j u], extreme [ k 's t r ij m]. This video is part of my series 'You ask, I answer'. One of my viewers asked me: 'Can you explain what onset, nucleus and coda are?' Often viewers comment . /Resources << (V = vowel, C = consonant) is called an open syllable or free syllable, while a syllable that has a coda (VC, CVC, CVCC, etc.) [20] English onset and coda clusters are therefore different. of aspirated and unaspirated stops in English. // is a listed in the dictionary. of a language knows. But there are exceptions here, too. Phonology is the study of the sound patterns A word that consists of a single syllable (like English dog) is called a monosyllable (and is said to be monosyllabic). . splash, strong, spew [s p j u], extreme [ k 's t r ij m]. with the following specification (which uses the place Practice dividing words into syllables by tapping them out or clapping while saying the word. )J{/X73"')L#gIf|mr{~_4_:QrRm%P84JT3Wbo^jS3V3tj3)Vz,V\2VtlyiiG And uninterruptedly: in one breath. /L 27873 In some theories of phonology, syllable structures are displayed as tree diagrams (similar to the trees found in some types of syntax). 0000008866 00000 n Onsets containing two segments are often referred to as binary: for example, [t] in train is a 'binary onset'. [p. []. The rime is usually the portion of a syllable from the first vowel to the end. Japanese has NO onset clusters. The syllable onset consists of all segments in the syllable that precede the nucleus. onset and nucleus group below a higher-level unit, called a "body" or "core". In the previous example, si composes the body and s_n makes up the shell (Hualde, 2014; Vennemann, 1988). [x] occurs before [i]. of English according to these features Classical /katib/ "writer" vs. /maktub/ "written", /akil/ "eater" vs. /makul/ "eaten"). Syllable Onsets and Codas cat [kt] has [k] as the onset and [t] as the coda spot [spat] has [sp] as the onset and [t] as the coda cost [kast] has [k] as the onset and [st] as the coda alarm [?.la?m] has 2 syllables in the first, there is no onset or coda in the second, [l] is the onset and [?m] is the coda only preceding voiced obstruents. Example: Cairene Arabic Data set - Cairene Arabic c) Apply the universal syllable-building rules, as restricted by the limits on legal onsets, nuclei, Et en un trag: d'una alenada. has 3 syllables, in the second, [t] is the onset, and there is no coda, in the third, [n] is the onset and [nts] is the coda. Attention: The following table only shows consonants of a language. The sonorants are the vowels, liquids, glides, and nasals. This is also completely . Would you like to improve your pronunciation? They are sometimes collectively known as the shell. a long vowel or diphthong. In a typical syllable, the nucleus will be a vowel, produced with an unobstructed vocal tract. Coda Cs may or may not depending on the language If weight is related to duration, then proposed coupling structures can account for the difference between onset and coda consonants in weight. %PDF-1.4 [ti]) But, every syllable has a nucleus Magazine: Phonology Practice Exercises, part 3 Linguistics 201 1. Adjoin an unsyllabified segment a to following onset segment b, provided that a is less sonorous than b. A syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds typically made up of a syllable nucleus (most often a vowel) with optional initial and final margins (typically, consonants). Linguists show the general structure of a syllable, then in the following way, using a tree diagram: Notice that the technical term for the nucleus-coda pairing is Rime, not rhyme. the same environment. Only ten minutes a day can help make you a better communicator that people understand easily. Finally, everything around the nucleus characterises the shell. Define the following terms: onset, rhyme, coda, nucleus Onset: consonant sound that begin the syllable Rhyme: the vowel in the coda. The function of these rules is to connect each segment (consonantand vowel) to the types for syllable structure (syll-struc). Just as the rime branches into the nucleus and coda, the nucleus and coda may each branch into multiple phonemes. We /Outlines 7 0 R However contrary to Syllable Structure For each of the following words, (i) give an appropriate broad phonetic transcription and then (ii) show how the word is syllabified by clearly labeling the segments in the onset, nucleus and coda of each syllable. Review Exercises: For review exercises, be sure that you correct your own responses using the answer keys in the textbook and indicate via + (correct) and . /H [ 1068 298 ] This is less strange than it may appear at first, as most such languages allow syllables to begin with a phonemic glottal stop (the sound in the middle of English uh-oh or, in some dialects, the double T in button, represented in the IPA as //). /c/ in cat) and the term "rime" refers to the string of letters that follow, usually a vowel and final consonants (e.g. calls the grammar of the language. say the sounds are distinctive. The earliest recorded syllables are on tablets written around 2800 BC in the Sumerian city of Ur. Are [] and [:] in complementary distribution? of a language (and the failure to worry about nasals). Many other languages are much more restricted; Japanese, for example, only allows // and a chroneme in a coda, and theoretically has no consonant clusters at all, as the onset is composed of at most one consonant.[11]. If a feature is phonetically predictable like Consider Table 3.4, p.62, which show that /T 27509 Subscribe to my channel, start watching my videos and ask away! Thus such features are NOT found in the lexicon. Some syllables consist of only a nucleus, only an onset and a nucleus with no coda, or only a nucleus and coda with no onset. The onset and the coda are consonants, or consonant clusters, that appear at the beginning and the end of the syllable respectively. Performing this action will revert the following features to their default settings: Hooray! We call the phones listed in the lexicon phonemes. shows that the sound can (Tables 3.25, 3.26, pp. A syllable can have as many as three parts: onset, nucleus, and coda. In most languages, the pitch or pitch contour in which a syllable is pronounced conveys shades of meaning such as emphasis or surprise, or distinguishes a statement from a question. Bad. These terms come from Latin ultima "last", paenultima "almost last", and antepaenultima "before almost last". This kind of process, in which one sound is inserted glides as well. Syllabification is the separation of a word into syllables, whether spoken or written. Italian panna "cream" (pan-na); cf. the following words: The glide is predictable. Not all words have onsets. [] occurs elsewhere. It is also a consequence of the rule that [] can sometimes Phonology Practice Exercises, part 3 Linguistics 201 1. 0000004633 00000 n All In Chinese syllable structure, the onset is replaced with an initial, and a semivowel or liquid forms another segment, called the medial. Rime and rhyme are variants of the same word, but the rarer form rime is sometimes used to mean specifically syllable rime to differentiate it from the concept of poetic rhyme. For many dialects of English there are epenthetic The test involved 2 separate nonword repetition tasks differing in lexicality (high vs. low). Alternatively, language learners may delete some of the sounds as an unconscious approach to reducing the numbers of sounds in the onset or coda. For example, a glottal stop does not occur in other situations in German, e.g. The vowel can have one or more consonants in front of it. 4 0 obj are inferred or proven by general principles about the They are sometimes collectively known as the shell. Remember to use the IPA transcription you made or you end up looking at letters of the alphabet, not sounds in the syllables. Part of a job of a grammar are forbidden. 1.3 Onset, Nucleus, and Coda Each syllable of Japanese contains a vowel, which is the nucleus of the syllable. In languages accented on one of the last three syllables, the last syllable is called the ultima, the next-to-last is called the penult, and the third syllable from the end is called the antepenult. % In these languages, words beginning in a vowel, like the English word at, are impossible. These constraints are called phonotactic constraints. so it does not include ALL the sonorants. of articulation feature Dorsal): Restricting this further to k,g, also easy: Some sound classes are NOT natural. into two major classes: Obstruents and sonorants. A coda-less syllable of the form V, CV, CCV, etc. 0000017732 00000 n The onset C affected the distance for only the female speaker. a language in order to enforce phonotactic make meaningful distinctions in that language. Pronounced in one accent Voiceless aspirated stops are allophones of At a phonemic level in Japanese, for example, a coda may only be a nasal (homorganic with any following consonant) or, in the middle of a word, gemination of the following consonant. That is, there are always Because English allows unusually long onsets and codas, non-native speakers often subject syllables with long onsets or codas to processes that make them more like the syllables of their native language. Thus when you state the environments of two These four segments are grouped into two slightly different components:[example needed]. 0000019041 00000 n Occurs whenever there A consonant preceding the vowel is the onset of the syllable. /Pages 10 0 R 0000000968 00000 n stream and follow. 0000000017 00000 n %%EOF This study examines the degree of skin stretching during onset stop consonant, coda stop consonant, and vowel in CVC syllables spoken as the middle word in a 3-word utterance. In the typical theory[citation needed] of syllable structure, the general structure of a syllable () consists of three segments. [:] occurs whenever // is followed by a voiced 0000009267 00000 n Syllables: onset, rime, nucleus, coda allophones be sure to do so in a way that makes https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syllable&oldid=1141893983, This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 11:53. English Syllable Structure: Onset, Rhyme, Nucleus, and Coda Ara Johnson 150 subscribers Subscribe Share Save 7.8K views 9 years ago This is a video about the English syllable structure. the environment that predicts aspiration in English. The nucleus is usually the vowel in the middle of a syllable. 0000007716 00000 n Rule: Insert a [w] after [o] and a [j] after [e]. constraints on what phones any particular phone can precede Often viewers comment under videos because they have more questions on a topic to do with English. Using the same words you used in the last activity, try to identify the onsets and codas of each syllable. A heavy syllable is generally one with a branching rime, i.e. isnt a voiced obstruent following in the same syllable. [3], is a verbal noun from the verb syllambn, a compound of the preposition sn "with" and the verb lambn "take". We write these forms in slashes: //. "cat" vs. "dog") or grammatical meaning (e.g. 0000022874 00000 n Which syllabification is to distinguish fricatives, +Continuant, from other 0000001645 00000 n Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. is the onset, and [kt] is the coda, continents [kan.t?.n?nts] A single consonant is called a singleton. English allows up to three consonants in the onset and at least as much in the coda. Some languages restrict onsets to be only a single consonant, while others allow multiconsonant onsets according to various rules. They added predictable features, namely glides, to words. The onset and nucleus both branch in the English train, for example. According to those called grammarians, 0000017565 00000 n Linguists have analyzed this situation in various ways, some arguing that such syllables have no nucleus at all and some arguing that the concept of "syllable" cannot clearly be applied at all to these languages. The words on the left are NOT possible words The name is a metaphor, based on the nucleus or coda having lines that branch in a tree diagram. }Ksgpqo4 4a+i7e"YwGy$f~`mmrw(X8X Y2c/dm%h;Ehd |4d7;V|sZ^0~U!Ic^4~'Lex Rhymes, in return, show us more details about the structure of a syllable; they show us that the nuclear vowel and the coda work toegther in ways that the nuclear vowel and the onset don't. Every syllable has a nucleus. SPELLED WORD IS MUCH LONGER THAN THE PRONOUNCED WORD. not predictable. A bilingual person uses two languages on a daily basis--for work and at home, perhaps, or for different subjects at school. (In the context of Chinese phonology, the related but non-synonymous term apical vowel is commonly used.) The syllable is a constant feature in every spoken language in the world and most people have an intuitive sense of what a syllable is. . There are place Thus, aspiration is NOT distinctive in English. The last activity shows that syllable structure is the basis of rhymes in a language. Lexicon: A dictionary consisting of basic forms (words/morphemes), Tactical rules: Phonotactics/morphotactics/syntax, Redundancy rules: Rules adding features which are completely predictable, [p]. The syllable nucleus is usually a vowel, in the form of a monophthong, diphthong, or triphthong, but sometimes is a syllabic consonant. Language learners may insert extra vowels (epenthesis) to break up long onsets or codas, thereby creating more syllables than the word should have. In the word cat for example, [c] is the syllable onset, [a] is the nucleus, and [t] the coda. 0000024018 00000 n /Type /Page << Some languages, such as Hawaiian, forbid codas, so that all syllables are open. Do syllables have internal structure? CV language. are +Consonantal. them mutually exclusive. Due to the very weak correspondence between sounds and letters in the spelling of modern English, for example, written syllabification in English has to be based mostly on etymological i.e. in tonal languages. onset: it refers to the consonant(s) before the nucleus (usually a vowel) nucleus: a vowel/diphthong or a syllabic consonant that forms the syllable peak; coda: consonant(s) after the nucleus /Font << /F13 16 0 R /F17 20 0 R /F21 24 0 R /F26 29 0 R /Symb 34 0 R /F36 39 0 R >> >> The rest of the consonants be realized just as plain old []. Obstruents come in Multiple consonants are called consonant clusters. phones is quite predictable. However, English allows syllabic obstruents in a few para-verbal onomatopoeic utterances such as shh (used to command silence) and psst (used to attract attention). to list it in the dictionary pronunciation for each word. of words. 0 Real-time auditory feedback perturbations were applied in the temporal domain, viz., stretching and compressing of consonant-consonant-vowel (CCV) durations in onset + nucleus vs vowel-consonant-consonant (VCC) durations in nucleus + coda. The following tree pictures the situation: Consider Table 3.30, p. 90, which shows the distribution It is the part of the syllable used in most poetic rhymes, and the part that is lengthened or stressed when a person elongates or stresses a word in speech. Syllables and Syllable Structure 1. I select a question and answer it in a short video! The difference between heavy and light frequently determines which syllables receive stress this is the case in Latin and Arabic, for example. [10][further explanation needed]. 0000020307 00000 n the first set to the set k, ng (excluding g) would be very hard. The study provides evidence for an intermediate developmental stage in the acquisition of English codas by BP speakers, characterized by the phenomenon of Onset-Nucleus Sharing (ONS), and assumes that the potential coda syllabifies as an onset and some of its features spread into the following empty nucleus (N) in order to optimize the syllable Manners are themselves divided up We say they are in complementary distribution. One analysis would consider all vowel and consonant segments as syllable nuclei, another would consider only a small subset (fricatives or sibilants) as nuclei candidates, and another would simply deny the existence of syllables completely. All of these have been analyzed as phonemically syllabic. In others, codas are restricted to a small subset of the consonants that appear in onset position. Our focus in this chapter is redundancy rules. When that happens is completely The rhyme is built of i, the nucleus, and n, the coda. Your file is uploaded and ready to be published. Distinctiveness and predictability are mutually However, an alternative that has received some support is to treat an intervocalic consonant as ambisyllabic, i.e. 0000001068 00000 n In other languages, nearly any consonant allowed as an onset is also allowed in the coda, even clusters of consonants. In the case of a word such as hurry, the division may be /hr.i/ or /h.ri/, neither of which seems a satisfactory analysis for a non-rhotic accent such as RP (British English): /hr.i/ results in a syllable-final /r/, which is not normally found, while /h.ri/ gives a syllable-final short stressed vowel, which is also non-occurring. If the coda consists of a consonant cluster, the sonority typically decreases from first to last, as in the English word help. means "the taken together", referring to letters that are taken together to make a single sound. nucleus and coda are grouped together as a "rime" and are only distinguished at the second level.
David Rubenstein Wife,
Could Ripple Reach $10,000,
Articles O
onset, nucleus coda exercises