political organisation of the acholi

The relationship between the Acholi and the British had for a long time been rather loose and London: Oxford University Press. Idi Amin (197179) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. Nairobi: Oxford University Press. from sexual conduct, over blackmailing and stealing, to killing someone (Vincent, 2012, pp. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. It is more. (p. 34). Ethnic group of South Sudan and Northern Uganda, Atkinson, Ronald R. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Precolonial Phase.". According to Latigo, prior to colonialism, "the Acholi people maintained a traditional government that was rooted firmly in their religious beliefs, norms, and customs, which demanded peace and stability in Acholiland at all times, based on their philosophy of life. Identification. development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help Significantly, iron-ore deposits were located mainly at or just beyond the western, northeastern, southeastern, and southern boundaries of what became Acholi, and trade for this iron created networks of movement and interaction that helped determine a collective identity within these boundaries. "[21] In discussing the peace talks of 20052007, Latigo noted leaders who called for a revival of the traditional processes of the indigenous people by which they worked for accountability and justice, namely, mato oput. Death and Afterlife. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"igNXChGgDPbig_bsHwJgxoRb9NTulTcrPPRjDe2iFNY-86400-0"}; The most common domestic animals are (and have long been) chickens and goats, with some cattle, especially in the dryer portions of Acholi. But a chief's territory seldom corresponded to any pre-colonial entity, while his wide-ranging executive and judicial powers were a complete novelty. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. Comprising less than 5 percent of the country's population, during the early years of independence the Acholi constituted more than 15 percent of the police force and fully a third of the army. the nations capital Kampala in 1988. The n, Mende Certain rwodi and interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. "Is Alice Lakwena a Witch? All affines, meanwhile, are known as "mother." The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964-1 985. The thesis will centre not on the inevitability of the war, but will instead focus on the political processes that preceded it. When not disrupted or dispossessed by the violence endemic since the mid-1980s, most Acholi remain primarily mixed farmers. He had established the Equatorial Province in 1870 It does not store any personal data. ETHNONYMS: Balumbila, Batoka, Batonga, Bawe, Toka Dholuo, which is spoken in in the West of Kenya. Due to its central location and the close POLITICAL ORGANIZATION. Organizational politics are informal, unofficial, and sometimes behind-the-scenes efforts to sell ideas, influence an organization, increase power, or achieve other targeted objectives (Brandon & Seldman, 2004; Hochwarter, Witt, & Kacmar, 2000). element of the social and political environment of the region. The political ramifications for Uganda, however, were severe. time was critical to the social and political development of the region. Acholi, also spelled Acoli, also called Gang or Shuli, ethnolinguistic group of northern Uganda and South Sudan. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. of as dialects of Acholi. the northern regions, this relationship changed. Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. Idi Amin (1971-79) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. 23 Feb. 2023 . Soon after, the NRM started pacifying the northern region, which is home to several ethnics, including the Acholi and Lango. Makerere University (Kampala), Department of Geography. Social Control. Acholi chiefdoms ranged in population from under 1,000 to as many as 20,000 people and consisted of a number of fenced villages, each with recognized land rights vested in the patrilineal lineage (kaka ) at its core. of the West Nile, to the north by the South Sudan, to the east by the Karamojong region, to the, 23 Each Ugandan district has a language board responsible for implementing policies on indigenous language. Dances and other activities surrounding spirit possession seem to have been originally introduced from Bunyoro in the early nineteenth century and then became more wide-spread during the tumultuous years of the latter part of that century. (UNHCR, 2012). be possessed by a spirit named Lakwena, the so-called Holy Spirit Movement fought a rebellion In such a context, the land rights of those with the least power widows, the disabled, the elderly were very insecure. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Orientation Behrend, Heike (1991). The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. - CORE the furthest back is the historical reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), who described the many of them children, the conflict led to the displacement of millions. Religious Beliefs. [25], Some of the groups in Acholi, like the UPDA, detested the Museveni regime because it had overthrown the government in which they served. After weaning and up to the age of 5 or 6, however, much of the day-to-day caretaking of a child has customarily been done by an opposite-sex sibling or other preadolescent (often a member of the father's lineage), called lapidi (nurse-child). 2 I Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just b contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and [10] General Tito Okello was an Acholi, and came to power in a military coup. became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. Given the anti-Museveni sentiment of most Acholis, the LRA's inability to mobilize support - or to at least avoid repudiation by its own ethnic base - is remarkable. population. supported them at first also regretted their support after seeing the sufferings of Acholi in The government of Uganda has responded to the conflict by adopting both military and general amnesty strategies. Corn (maize), sorghum, beans, squash, peanuts (groundnuts), and other savanna crops also are grown. In 2005, the new International Criminal Court in The Hague issued arrest warrants for Joseph Kony and other top LRA commanders. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) interpolity interactions at the county level. Traditionally, land rights were vested in localized patrilineal lineages, under the control and guidance of lineage heads and elders. somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth A rebellion in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. //]]>, ETHNONYMS: Acoli, Acooli; historically: Gani, Lango, Lo-Gang, Shuuli. p. 41). the northern parts remained ignored for a long time. A new sociopolitical orderand the basis of an Acholi identitywas established when chiefly institutions and ideology were introduced into Acholi by Luo-speaking Paluo from the neighboring kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara. In the administrative structure of Uganda, Acholi is composed of the districts of: It encompasses about 28,500km2 (11,000 square miles) near the Uganda-Sudan border.[5]. "Kony's Message: A New Koine?". Approximately 2.1 million Acholi were counted in the Uganda census of 2014, and 45,000 more were living in South Sudan in 2000.[4]. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. identity is rather disputed. In terms of the afterlife, although spirits of the dead are believed to continue to exist and manifest themselves, there is no belief in a heaven to reward the virtuous or a hell to punish the sinful. Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change. At the height of the insurgency, 1.8 million people in the north were living in camps. Doom, Ruddy and Koen Vlassenroot. "Land Tenure in Acholi." In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Many contemporary Acholi continue to use these treatments, although nearly all with access to clinics and hospitals rely on these as well, whenever they can. With the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan in 2005, and the establishment of the ex-rebel government in newly independent South Sudan in territory in which the LRA once operated freely, those lines of support have been substantially weakened, if not severed altogether. 30. 2.4. L. No. represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the M.A. Arts. Other uncategorised cookies are those that are being analysed and have not been classified into a category as yet. others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators . London: James Currey. The Acholi region and language 51. Although polygyny has often been presented as an ideal, limited means have always made it rare in practice. Political Organization. They have also "played a vital role in Acholi traditional reconciliation processes and in preparing the community to receive former combatants. encompasses the six closely related languages Acholi, Adhola, Alur, Kumam, Lango and jok ). Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Situated 1,025 to 1,350 meters above sea level, the Acholi landscape is typical East African game countryrolling grasslands with scattered trees, streams, and rock outcrops. ." It was filmed by Australian director Ebony Butler, Simon Hardwidge and Ugandan author Frey Onen. "Swazi" refers to the nation, tr, Fipa Uganda Journal 19(1): 57-61. "Acholi census of 2014, those seven districts were combined inhabited by just under 1.4 million people environment and larger distances between settlements kept the hierarchical structures This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Specifically, this study explored, Living with Language. They were also against the power consolidation approach of the NRA, which included mass arrest, torturing, killing, cattle raiding, food crop destruction, and looting and burning of villages. Certain rwodi and A typical household consists of a nuclear family (husband, wife, and unmarried children), although aged parents, unmarried siblings, offspring of deceased siblings, or others are often household members as well. and tributes paid to them. Deep-rooted divisions and polarization remain between different ethnic groups, and these have been greatly exacerbated by the way in which the countrys leadership has developed since independence. Among other provisions, this legislation specifically amended IRC Section 527 (j) to require the e-filing of Form 8872, Political . In September 1996, the Ugandan government moved hundreds of thousands of Acholi from the Gulu district into camps, ostensibly for their protection. The system values peace over justice, and has retributive and restorative aspects. Acholi: Talking Politics in Northern Uganda Many Ugandans follow politics with keen interest, and President Yoweri Musevei's 34-year tenure notwithstanding, politics is a frequent topic of in-depth conversation and spirited debate among friends and acquaintances, and my conversations with my mentor are no exception. "Some Notes on Acholi Religious Ceremonies." More The cult-like militia has abducted an estimated 25,000 children over the years, forcing them to commit heinous atrocities against civilians. Medicine. laws of social life among the Acholi were set up by the elders of the clans, regulating everything [10] Peace talks beginning in 2005 promised some relief to these people, and some camps were closed in 2007 as security in the north improved. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. In war, the men used spears and long, narrow shields of giraffe or ox hide. Political Organization. Central to the new order were a set of notions about political leadership in which chiefs (rwodi; sing, rwot ) shared power and decision making with the heads of chiefdoms' constituent lineages; a system of redistributive tribute within each polity, with the chief at the center; and royal, often rainmaking, drums as symbols of sovereignty and authority. The combination of the two events, have put pressure on the LRA to lay down its arms. He and others have suggested it could help the nation more than adopting the Western system of the International Criminal Court at The Hague (although some charges had already been filed against LRA leaders in 2005 there. Orientation Purifications or atonement practices are still performed by Acholi elders in some communities. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Used by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda before 1800. Division of Labor. Uganda Journal 3(3): 175-202. Over the twentieth century, chiefdoms in Acholi have become vestigial institutions, and the fences that once enclosed villages have disappeared. Until 1967 Uganda was a quasi-federal polity that included five subregional monarchies, non-monarchical districts, and a central government. Crazzolara, J. P. (1938). Common synonyms for this type of organization are "interest groups," "pressure groups," and . They were approached in regard to such general concerns as good health, fertility, and appeals or thanks for good harvests in ceremonies that usually emphasized the consciousness, cohesiveness, and continuation of their respective groups as functioning corporate entities. ETHNONYMS: Afipa, Wafipa Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. At the height of the insurgency, some 1.8 million people were living in camps in the north, and due to a combination of LRA activities and the Ugandan armys counter-offensives virtually the entire population of Acholiland was displaced. [6] While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudanese border, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". Traditionally, lineage heads and elders were the most knowledgeable aboutand involved withthe lineage and chiefdom jogi, although rwodi also had a role to play in ceremonies involving the latter.

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